North Korean Reform and Opening: Dual Strategy and 'Silli (Practical) Socialism'
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1 July 2002, North Korea, a closed authoritarian socialist regime, proclaimed the adoption of a new reform policy for 'Economic Management Improvement.' Prior to this measure, a series of reform policies which had been cautiously planned and implemented since the early 1990s had failed to produce noticeable achievements for economic restructuring in North Korea, mainly because the policies focused strictly on the political imperatives of minimizing any structural change and preventing the sudden collapse of the socialist system as a result of economic reforms. This predicament has not yet been resolved, even if some positive signs for economic resurrection exist, such as the favourable turn in the economic growth rate since 1999 and the positive climate for foreign relations that developed through normalization with EU countries and the 2000 summit meeting between the two Koreas. For the purpose of addressing the divergent agendas of political and reform policies, North Korea finally decided to implement its most active reform policy to date, which became the so-called 7.1 policy for 'Economic Management Improvement.' North Korean reforms pursue two agendas: on the one hand, they seek to establish the coexistence of planning and markets, in order to support the partial introduction of the capitalist economic system; on the other hand, the reforms are aimed at bolstering the traditional socialist system, based on the notion of ljuche (self-reliance and North Korean-style socialism, i.e., Urisik socialism). These two facades are expressions of the regime's intentional duality. How will this dualist strategy be played out? This question is tied to North Korea's prospects in the future and to whether it will adopt 'market socialism' or 'the third way' as its path. North Korea is now in a transitional process of shifting from 'reform within the system' to 'reform of the system.' However, in any context it is clear that North Korea will be tied to the capitalist world economy as a strategy for living together with capitalists. North Korea calls this shift in policy 'silli socialism' (hereafter 'practical socialism'), an approach with an unclear future. Practical socialism could pose another,
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.030 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.011 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".