Brittle fracture of rock under combined tensile and compressive loading conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The brittle fracture of rock with an angled crack under combined tensile and compressive loading conditions is studied using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM). The modified maximum tangential stress criterion (MTSC) and the maximum shear stress criterion (MSSC) are used to check crack initiations in the tensile and shear modes, respectively. The effects of the friction coefficient of the crack surfaces and the nonsingular stresses (T stresses) on the crack initiation are studied for the cases of both low and high compressive confining pressure coefficients. The T stresses include those both parallel (Tx) and perpendicular (Ty) to the crack plane. The type of crack initiation under the combined tensile and compressive loading conditions is found to remain tensile dominated when the compressive confining pressure coefficient is small. However, shear crack extension becomes possible with the compressive confining pressure coefficient and friction coefficient increasing if the crack orientation angle is small. Moreover, the high compressive confining pressure and substantial friction are found to increase the possibility of shear crack extension. The theoretical predictions presented in this study move one step forward than the available analytical solutions for the angled crack subjected to general biaxial load and agree well with those from experimental tests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".