Tetraethylammonium Hydroxide with Polyacrylamide As Hydroxide Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Alkaline electrolytes, especially KOH, have been extensively used for energy storage devices such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) in symmetric and asymmetric configurations [1-3]. An alkaline polymer electrolyte enables safe, thin, and flexible devices. Due to the limitation of crystallization with KOH, quaternary ammonium hydroxide based polymer electrolytes, specifically, tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was studied and shown to be a suitable alternative to KOH-PVA [4]. Solid AC-line filtering devices were enabled using this TEAOH-PVA polymer electrolyte [5]. However, PVA is a semi-crystalline polymer with limitations in water retention which deters the electrochemical performance of these alkaline polymer electrolytes. In this study, our objectives are to (a) develop an alkaline polymer electrolyte using TEAOH with polyacrylamide (PAM) as an alternative polymer matrix to PVA, (b) characterize the polymer electrolyte in terms of its long term ionic conductivity and material properties, and (c) fabricate solid EC devices and compare them with a liquid analogue. Experimental Aqueous TEAOH-PAM polymer electrolytes were prepared in different precursor solutions. Smooth metallic nickel (Ni) foils were used as electrodes with 1 cm2 areas. Two-electrode test vehicles were made by sandwiching TEAOH-PAM between the Ni electrodes and sealed with a chemically inert tape. Solid EC devices were made by sandwiching TEAOH-PAM between CNT-graphite electrodes on a Ni substrate with 1 cm2geometric surface areas. All cell characterizations were performed under ambient conditions unless otherwise specified. Results The ionic conductivity of the polymer electrolytes with different TEAOH:PAM ratios were measured and demonstrated remarkable ionic conductivities up to ca. 20 mScm-1 in the pristine condition. The trend revealed an optimal composition with 75-25 weight ratio of TEAOH-PAM. As shown in Figure 1, the TEAOH-PAM cells were tracked over a period of 50 days under ambient conditions and demonstrated good environmental stability. Further conditioning the cells under 45% RH showed an appropriate representation of the cells under steady-state. Details regarding ionic conductivity and long term stability will be discussed and related to the structural and chemical characterizations of these TEAOH-PAM polymer electrolytes. Finally, solid EC device performances will be compared to liquid TEAOH devices. References [1] K.-W. Nam and K.-B. Kim, "A study of the preparation of NiO x electrode via electrochemical route for supercapacitor applications and their charge storage mechanism," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 149, pp. A346-A354, 2002. [2] http://www.elton-cap.com/products/ [3] Y.-G. Wang, Z.-D. Wang, and Y.-Y. Xia, "An asymmetric supercapacitor using RuO 2/TiO 2 nanotube composite and activated carbon electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 50, pp. 5641-5646, 2005. [4] H. Gao, J. Li, K. Lian., "Alkaline quaternary ammonium hydroxides and their polymer electrolytes for electrochemical capacitors," RCS Advances, vol. 4, pp. 21332-21339, 2014. [5] H. Gao, J. Li, J. R. Miller, R. A. Outlaw, S. Butler, and K. Lian, "Solid-state electric double layer capacitors for ac line-filtering," Energy Storage Materials, vol. 4, pp. 66-70, 2016. Figure 1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".