Rational Design and Synthesis of SnO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Electrocatalysts with Coralline Structure for Highly Improved Aqueous CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction to Formate
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Several catalyst materials composed of tin oxide composites (SnO x ) with a novel coralline structure are synthesized by using a facile hydrothermal self‐assembly process. The catalysts are then used to prepare a SnO x /GDL (gas diffusion layer) electrode for CO 2 electroreduction to formate in 0.5 m KHCO 3 aqueous solution. Influential factors, such as hydrothermal synthesis temperature ( T )/time (Δ t ) and the valence state of Sn in the SnO x nanocatalysts, on both catalysts’ morphologies, and Faradaic efficiency for formate production are investigated systematically. By using a SnO x (100–8) /GDL electrode (i.e. T and Δ t are 100 °C and 8 h, respectively) as the cathode, the high maximum faradaic efficiency of 87.1 % is achieved at a controlled potential of −1.6 V, which is superior to all the reported SnO x and Sn/SnO x catalysts in the literature. By combining X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis, the coralline‐structured SnO x is observed to be composed of SnO and SnO 2 , where the SnO is covered by a SnO 2 film about 1–2 nm thick, which makes a contribution to the catalytically active sites for CO 2 electroreduction. This coralline‐structured SnO x exhibits high durability, as evaluated by a stable catalytic current density of approximately 10 mA cm −2 over 20 h of continuous operation. This work highlights the controlling role of the correct morphology and the valence state of tin oxide on formate formation during CO 2 reduction in aqueous solution.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it