Is There Enhanced Risk of Cerebral Ischemic Stroke by Sulfonylureas in Type 2 Diabetes?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hyperglycemia enhances stroke injury in humans and experimental animals, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a known risk factor for stroke. Sulfonylurea (SU) drugs have been used for over six decades for management of T2DM; they exhibit their principal antidiabetes property by inhibiting KATP channels and promoting an increase in insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells (1,2) (Fig. 1 A ). The KATP channel in the pancreas is a complex of four subunits of the KCNJ11 gene product Kir6.2 and four subunits of the ABCC8 gene product SUR1 (3). SU drugs bind to SUR1 to block the KATP channel. Figure 1 Intracellular depletion of ATP triggers opening of KATP and NCCa-ATP channels. A : Increase in circulating glucose results in rapid glucose movement into pancreatic β-cells through the GLUT2 glucose transporter. The cytosolic glucose is converted by glycolysis to pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. The pyruvate and NADH is converted to ATP via the Krebs cycle in mitochondria. This ATP results in closure of the KATP channels, which results in membrane depolarization and activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. The influx of Ca2+ results in Ca2+-dependent insulin granule secretion. The KATP channel is composed of Kir6.2 and SUR1 subunits. SU drugs …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".