Hydraulic Conductivity of Bentonite-Polymer Geosynthetic Clay Liners in Coal Combustion Product Leachates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on two geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) containing bentonite-polymer mixtures (BPMs) to investigate long-term hydraulic conductivity to coal combustion product (CCP) leachates. Permeant solution chemistries were synthesized to represent typical CCP leachate, predominantly divalent cation ash leachate, flue gas desulfurization residue leachate, high ionic strength leachate, and trona ash leachate. Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on non-prehydrated GCL specimens at an isotropic effective confining stress of 20 kPa in flexible-wall permeameters. Low hydraulic conductivities (<10-11 m/s) were maintained for both of the BPM GCLs in each of the permeant solutions. In contrast with what is commonly observed for conventional sodium bentonite GCLs, hydraulic conductivity of the BPM GCLs did not vary systematically with ionic strength of the permeant solution. Hydraulic conductivity of the GCLs was also not related systematically to swell index or fluid loss of the BPM, suggesting that index test procedures commonly adopted as surrogates for hydraulic conductivity for conventional GCLs may not be applicable to GCLs with BPMs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".