Alterations in Systemic Extracellular Heme and Hemopexin Are Associated With Adverse Clinical Outcomes in Ugandan Children With Severe Malaria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major cause of global mortality. Extracellular heme, released during malaria-induced hemolysis, mediates a number of pathogenic processes associated with vascular and organ injury. Hemopexin (hpx) facilitates the degradation of extracellular heme. In this study, we explore the hypothesis that dysregulation of the heme-hpx axis is associated with disease severity, acute kidney injury (AKI), and outcome. METHODS: Plasma levels of hemin and hpx (at admission, day 3, and day 14) were assessed in children with severe malaria in Jinja, Uganda. RESULTS: The ratio of heme to hpx was higher at admission and decreased with recovery (median, 0.043 [interquartile range {IQR}, 0.007-0.239] on day 1, 0.024 [IQR, 0.005-0.126] on day 3, and 0.008 [IQR, 0.002-0.022] on day 14; P < .001). Ratios of heme to hpx at admission were higher in children with as compared to those without severe anemia (median, 0.124 [IQR, 0.024-0.431] vs 0.016 [IQR, 0.003-0.073]; P < .0001), children with as compared to those without respiratory distress (median, 0.063 [IQR, 0.017-0.413] vs 0.020 [IQR, 0.004-0.124]; P < .01), and children with as opposed to those without stage 3 AKI (median, 0.354 [IQR, 0.123-2.481] vs 0.037 [IQR, 0.005-0.172], P < .01). The heme to hpx ratio at admission was associated with 6-month mortality (median, 0.148 [IQR, 0.042-0.500] vs 0.039 [IQR, 0.007-0.172]; P = .012). CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of heme to hpx is associated with disease severity and adverse clinical outcomes in Ugandan children, and dysregulation of the heme axis may contribute to malaria pathogenesis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".