Unfolding the Anatase-to-Rutile Phase Transition in TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes Using X-ray Spectroscopy and Spectromicroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work reports a study of the anatase-to-rutile phase transition (ART) in a highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube (NT) specimen fabricated using an electrochemical process followed by thermal annealing at 750 °C (NT750). Two-dimensional X-ray absorption near-edge structure–X-ray excited optical luminescence spectroscopy reveals the hierarchically two-layered structure of NT750 by resolving the surface anatase luminescence and bulk rutile optical emission. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy analysis of a sliced NT750 lamella spatially differentiates the top nanotubular anatase structure from the denser rutile bottom layer with a gradual ART interface layer. On the basis of these results together with the known behavior of size and anisotropy dependence of ART in TiO 2 nanocrystal, we propose the “bottom-up” mechanism for ART in anodic TiO 2 NTs. This result is particularly relevant to the fundamental understanding of phase transition in nanostructures as well as the fabrication of desired TiO 2 NT mixed-phase composite with an excellent control of the anatase/rutile phase ratio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".