Towards a unified approach for modelling uniform and non‐uniform bubbly flows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An important ingredient of closure relations for the Euler‐Euler two‐fluid model is the description of turbulent fluctuations. Models proposed in the literature disagree concerning the treatment of such on all scales. The large‐scale fluctuation structures as well as the bubble‐induced turbulence might be neglected, resolved, and/or modelled respectively in different ways. Each treatment has been demonstrated to work for a certain application but a unified perspective is lacking so far. To this end a set of closure relations for the fluid dynamics of bubbly flow has been collected that represents the best available knowledge and may serve as a baseline for further improvements and extensions. This model comprises a set of bubble forces as well as a turbulence model including turbulence modification due to the bubbles and has been successfully validated for bubbly flows in pipes and bubble columns. Here it is applied to two sets of data representing non‐uniform and uniform flows in bubble columns which are dominated by large‐scale fluctuations and bubble‐induced turbulence respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".