Preliminary Findings from Investigations of the Relationship between Hearing and Segmental Orientation during Walking
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Several longitudinal studies over the past seven years have found associations between hearing loss and increased falls risk 1,2 , poor postural control while standing 2 , increased likelihood of having difficulties with walking 3 , slower walking speed 4 and frailty 5 . The present studies investigate one possible explanation of the link between hearing, balance, and mobility, being that listeners may change head and trunk orientation when performing a listening task in which potential sound sources are spatially separated. In this presentation, preliminary findings with respect to head and trunk positioning (i.e., segmental orientation) from two independent but related studies will be shared. In the first study, younger (18-30 years old) and older (60 years old and older) adults with self-reported normal hearing performed a listening task while walking. Participants completed listening tasks in three conditions. In the first condition, participants walked along a 9m path, when they were 5m from the goal were presented with a 1 kHz pure tone from either the left or right speakers and were instructed to orient their head towards the sound source while maintaining a straight walking directory. In the second and third experimental conditions, participants performed a series of sentence recognition tasks while walking in which they were and were not instructed to orient their head position towards the sound source, respectively. The second study included younger and older adults with self-reported normal hearing, and older adults with poor hearing and who do not use hearing aids. Participants performed a sentence-in-babble recognition task during three experimental conditions: (1) while sitting on a bench, (2) while standing, and (3) while walking along a pathway similar to that of Study 1. In both studies, motion capture technology was used to collect positional information about different parts of the body. References: 1 Lin, F. & Ferrucci, L. (2012). Hearing loss and falls among older adults in the United States. Arch Intern Med , 172 (4), 369-371. 2 Viljanen, A., Kaprio, J., Pyykko I., Sorri, M., Pajala, S., . . . & Rantanen, T. (2009). Hearing as a predictor of falls and postural balance in older female twins. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci , 64A (2), 312-317. 3 Viljanen, A., Kaprio, J., Pyykko, I., Sorri, M., Koskenvuo, M., & Rantanen, T. (2009). Hearing acuity as a predictor of walking difficulties in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc , 57 , 2282-2286. 4 Li, L., Simonsick, E., Ferrucci, L., & Lin, F. (2013). Hearing loss and gait speed among older adults in the United States. Gait Posture , 38 (1), 25-29. 5 Kamil, R., Li, L., & Lin, F. (2014). Association of hearing impairment and frailty in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc , 62 (6), 1186-1188.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".