Richter Transformation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Richter transformation (RT) is a rare complication of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). There is little information in the literature about its risk and outcome. In this study we assessed the incidence, presenting characteristics and outcomes of patients (pts) with CLL who developed RT. An electronic database search of pts with CLL who presented at St Paul’s Hospital between 1969 and 2007 was performed. Among 465 pts with CLL, 24 pts (5%) developed RT. Presenting features included B-symptoms (17%), lymph node enlargement (58%), progressive cytopenia (29%), hypercalcemia (4%), and spleno/hematomegaly (13%). The median age at diagnosis of CLL and RT were 64 y (range 33–80 y) and 67 y (range 48–81 y) respectively. The median time to transformation from CLL diagnosis was 61 months (range 1–257 m). Twenty one patients (88%) had been previously treated for CLL. Seventeen patients (71%) had received >1 prior therapy. The median lymphocyte count at diagnosis was 12 ×109/L (range 4–120 ×109/L). Six patients (25%) are still alive with a median follow up of 38 m (range: 3–66 m). The only predictive factor for better survival post-transformation on univariate analysis was age of less than 60 y at CLL diagnosis (p=0.01). Other factors such as CLL Rai stage, lymphocyte count at diagnosis were not predictive for survival. This group of patients was compared with randomly selected group of patients with CLL but did not have RT. The baseline characteristics of the groups are presented in the table. No significant differences were found between the two groups in terms of gender, age at diagnosis, Rai stage or median lymphocyte count at diagnosis. The 5 and 10 year OS for the RT group were 76% and 39% compared to 93% and 84% for the CLL group (p= 0.002), respectively. In summary, RT significantly shortens the survival of CLL patients. There were no obvious predictive factors for RT in CLL pts at diagnosis. Table: Baseline characteristics of Richter and CLL groups. Parameter Richter group (%) CLL group (%) P value Number 24 37 Sex: M/F (ratio) 16/8 (2:1) 22/15 (1.5:1) 0.052 Age at Diagnosis: Median (range) 64 (33–80) 60 (37–85) 0.6 Rai stage at diagnosis: 0, 1+2, 3+4 7, 16,1 (29, 67, 4) 23, 14, 0 (62, 38, 0) 0.3 Median lymphocyte count at diagnosis (range) 12 ×109/1 (4–120) 8 × 109/1 (5–394) 0.056 Fig: OS of pts with RT compared with CLL pts and no RT Fig:. OS of pts with RT compared with CLL pts and no RT
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".