Pre-Training Hydration Status in Adult Male and Female Athletes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Athletes and coaches need to become more aware of athletes’ hydration status in order to maximize training potential and competitive performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate athletes’ pre-training hydration. Twenty-eight athletes, who were actively training, volunteered and gave informed consent to participate in this study. The thirteen men had a mean age 21 [2.3] years, height 177.8 [7.9] cm, weight 88.1 [8.5] kg and a body composition 13.2 [5.4] %fat. The 15 women had a mean age 21.9 [3.0] years, height 164.8 [7.5] cm, weight 66.8 [8.9] kg and a body composition of 18.5 [3.9] %fat. After following a pre-determined euhydration (EU) protocol the athletes were measured for hydration status using blood hematocrit (Hct), urine specific gravity (USG) and body weight (BWT). Subsequently, the athletes were randomly measured for hydration status prior to their training sessions (PT) on three different occasions. The mean EU Hct for males and females was 44.8% (3.3) and 39.7% (1.9), respectively. The mean PT Hct for males and females was 46.0% (3.0) and 40.4% (2.0), respectively. The mean EU USG for males and females was 1.017 (0.002) and 1.016 (0.004), respectively. The PT USG for males and females was 1.020 (0.006) and 1.017 (0.006), respectively. The mean EU BWT for males and females was 88.1 kg (8.5) and 66.8 kg (8.9), respectively. The mean PT BWT for males and females was 89.9 kg (7.9) and 67.1 kg (9.1), respectively. There was no significant difference between the EU and PT Hct by gender. Likewise no difference was found between the EU and PT USG for the females. However, the USG (EU=1.017 [0.002], PT=1.020 [0.006]) of the males was significantly different between the EU and PT conditions. Also, males’ BWT increased from the EU to the PT conditions. This was contrary to the Hct and USG trend results. It is concluded that differences in the athletes’ training times of day compared to the euhydration protocol time of day significantly affected the BWT and USG measures of hydration status more so than Hct. When EU time and PT time were matched it was found that the athletes tend to be hypohydrated prior to training when measured for hydration status by Hct and USG.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".