Are Children At Risk For Developmental Coordination Disorder Weak?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Muscle strength impairment in children has implications for long term health. For children at risk for developmental coordination disorder (rDCD), the literature has shown conflicting results regarding whether or not this group has strength impairment. The extent to which this lack of consensus is related to the specific muscle groups evaluated or to other factors affecting muscle strength is unknown. PURPOSE: To evaluate, in a wide variety of lower limb muscle groups, maximal isometric muscle strength differences between children identified as rDCD and typically developing children of the same sex and either the same age or body mass. METHODS: Maximal isometric muscle strength (torque) of the hip abductors, hip flexors, hip extensors, knee flexors, knee extensors and ankle dorsiflexors was evaluated in 34 children (13 girls, 6-12 years old) identified as rDCD according to standard and accepted procedures (scoring below the 16th percentile on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition and having no other diagnosis in the health record that could explain these test scores). Strength values for the comparison group came from a data base of 351 children with no known health conditions. The same valid and reliable hand-held dynamometry protocol was used for both groups. Children with rDCD were randomly matched with a child in the comparison group of the same sex and either the same age or body mass. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine group differences. A p-value of <.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: For children of the same sex and age, the rDCD group showed significantly lower strength values (from 16,34% to 40,56%, p= 0.000 to 0.011) for all muscle groups evaluated except for the dorsiflexors. When children of the same sex and body mass were compared, the rDCD was significantly weaker only for the knee extensors (29,18 %, p=0.000) and the knee flexors (14,91 %, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: Children at risk for DCD have strength impairment, but the extent of the impairment depends on the muscle group being evaluated and the characteristics, in terms of age or body mass, of the comparison group. At least some of the strength impairment may be due to growth or body size factors. Longitudinal data are required to better understand the impact of sex, growth and maturation on strength development in this group.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".