Postseason Diagnosis of Potassium Deficiency in Soybean Using Seed Potassium Concentration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Core Ideas Seed‐K concentrations accounted for 60% of the variation in relative yield of unfertilized soybean for 100 site‐years in North America. The proposed deficient seed‐K concentration (<16.5 g kg −1 ) identified fields that responded positively to fertilizer K 77% of the time. Seed‐K concentration difference with and without fertilizer K decreased with the increase of soil K. Seed‐K concentrations can help diagnose reasons for low yields and correct K deficiency for subsequent crops. Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed nutrient concentrations may be useful for postseason diagnosis of nutrient deficiencies to identify reasons for lower‐than‐expected yields. Our objective was to determine the relationships between seed‐K and soil‐K concentrations and relative soybean yield and to develop potential seed‐K concentration thresholds for diagnosis of K deficiency as a yield‐limiting factor. Soil‐test K and seed‐K concentrations and yield data were collected from published and unpublished K fertilization research conducted in Arkansas (33 site‐years), Indiana (1 site‐year), Iowa (34 site‐years), Missouri (1 site‐year), Tennessee (6 site‐years), Virginia (1 site‐year), and Canada (24 site‐years). Seed‐K concentrations accounted for 66% of the variation in relative yield of soybean receiving no fertilizer K for Arkansas, 48% for Iowa, 78% for Canada, and 60% for North America from a database that included 100 site‐years. The critical seed‐K concentration ranges were 15.6 to 17.0 g K kg −1 for Arkansas, 17.4 to 20.0 g K kg −1 for Iowa, 14.6 to 16.2 g K kg −1 for Canada, and 16.5 to 17.7 g K kg −1 for North America. Seed‐K concentrations below the lower threshold for North America accurately predicted positive yield responses to fertilizer K at 77% of the sites classified as deficient. The difference between seed‐K concentration of soybean grown with and without fertilizer K decreased linearly as soil‐K concentration increased and plateaued when soil‐K concentration was ≥87, 139, 73, and 104 mg K kg −1 for Arkansas, Iowa, Canada, and North America, respectively. Results suggest that seed‐K concentrations can be used to aid in the diagnosis of K deficiency at maturity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".