<i>Operando</i> Nanobeam Diffraction to Follow the Decomposition of Individual Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Grains in a Nonaqueous Li–O<sub>2</sub> Battery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Intense interest in the Li-O2 battery system over the past 5 years has led to a much better understanding of the various chemical processes involved in the functioning of this battery system. However, detailed decomposition of the nanostructured Li2O2 product, held at least partially responsible for the limited reversibility and poor rate performance, is hard to measure operando under realistic electrochemical conditions. Here, we report operando nanobeam X-ray diffraction experiments that enable monitoring of the decomposition of individual Li2O2 grains in a working Li-O2 battery. Platelet-shaped crystallites with aspect ratios between 2.2 and 5.5 decompose preferentially via the more reactive (001) facets. The slow and concurrent decomposition of individual Li2O2 crystallites indicates that the Li2O2 decomposition rate limits the charge time of these Li-O2 batteries, highlighting the importance of using redox mediators in solution to charge Li-O2 batteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".