920 Gambella ethiopia primary 5 school violence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background For decades in Gambella Ethiopia collective ethnic violence has been recurrent among the Nuer (Pastoralists), Anuak (Agriculturalist) & Highlanders (Northern Ethiopians). The Anuak have been moved from their land to accommodate Indian, Saudi and Chinese agribusiness. Land pressures are augmented by refugees from the Southern Sudan. Injury and violence among grade 5 children growing up in this milieu was evaluated. Methods The study was conducted in March 2013. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected from a randomised stratified sample. Ethical approval was obtained. Study population came from 21 Schools, (11 Urban, 2 Semi-urban, 10 rural) , Pupils N = 1674 females 795). Results Violence included physical attacks & fights and hitting or stabbing with weapons. Attack Frequency: last 6 months 51.8%, Fight 46.3%, all Violence 57.5%; Serious Injury = 16.7% (67.2% Fracture; 28.6 % Cuts). Validation was via School First Aid Records. Bullying episodes: 2/month (girls 67.2%, boys 57.2%); 10/month 14%. Emotional Dimensions: social isolation in all: 8.51%, no friends 15%. Victimised 33% no friends, 9.6% felt hopeless, 2.2% suicidal,%13 sleep disorders 30% absenteeism. Drug use among violence exposed: alcohol 38%, tobacco 20% khat. 23%, & 21% had initiated sexual activity. Children (1/3) noted parents were unaware of their situation. Violence associations: female gender OR 2.35 (1.78–3.01), khat or Alcohol use OR 9.86 (6.16–15.77, sexual activity OR 2.16 (1.98–3.99). Family Support was protective. Conclusions The prevalence of physical violence and bullying among Grade 5 children in Gambella is high. There was no variance between rural and urban settings. Injury was common; social consequences are severe Social misconduct was associated with violence; Family support was protective. Gambella Ethiopia has suffered from decades of collective ethnic based violence which may be causative in this high level of primary school violence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.097 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".