On the origin of the ionosphere at the Moon using results from Chandrayaan‐1 S band radio occultation experiment and a photochemical model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The origin of the Moon's ionosphere has been explored using Chandrayaan‐1 radio occultation (RO) measurements and a photochemical model. The electron density near the Moon's surface, obtained on 31 July 2009 (∼300 cm −3 ), is compared with results from a model which includes production and recombination of 16 ions, solar wind proton charge exchange, and the electron impact ionization. The model calculations suggest that in the absence of transport, inert ions, namely Ar + , Ne + , and He + , dominate lunar ionosphere (density ∼5 × 10 4 cm −3 ). Interaction with solar wind, however, leads to their complete removal (∼2–3 cm −3 ). Assuming the Moon's exosphere to have CO 2 , H 2 O, O, OH, H 2 , CH 4 , and CO molecules in addition to the inert gases, the model calculations suggest that the lunar ionosphere is dominated by molecular ions, namely H 2 O + , CO , and H 3 O + , with near‐surface density ∼250 cm −3 . We surmise that lunar ionosphere can be molecular in nature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".