Geotechnical Characterization of Compacted Bauxite Residue for Use in Levees
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes the results from a laboratory test program developed to characterize and evaluate the geotechnical properties of compacted bauxite residue, a byproduct from the production of alumina. Demand for suitable fill materials to construct flood-protection levees, particularly along the U.S. Gulf Coast, prompted this study to determine if bauxite residue could be a feasible solution. The laboratory test program consisted of characterization tests and performance tests including shear strength, hydraulic conductivity, erosion resistance and compressibility. Samples of both untreated bauxite residue and alkalinity-adjusted bauxite residue were tested. The results provide several conclusions. The characterization tests show that bauxite residue behaves like a fine-grained, plastic soil. Oven-drying the material before testing affects its geotechnical behavior and provides impractical results. In a compacted state, bauxite residue has a low hydraulic conductivity that is resistant to internal erosion and suitable for the core of a flood-protection levee. Compacted bauxite residue has a shear strength that is greater than fine-grained soils typically used in levees, potentially reducing the necessary footprint and volume required for a levee constructed with this material. The high alkalinity of untreated bauxite residue makes it necessary for neutralization or encapsulation to minimize its impact on the environment.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it