Invasive bacterial diseases in Northern Canada, 2006–2013
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Northern populations are known to be at a higher risk of developing invasive bacterial diseases (IBDs) compared with the rest of Canada.Since the last published study that described IBDs in Northern Canada, a number of vaccines against some bacterial pathogens have been introduced into the routine childhood immunization schedule.Objective: To describe the epidemiology of IBDs in Northern Canada from 2006 to 2013 and compare their incidences in the North to the rest of Canada.Methods: Data for 5 IBDs (invasive pneumococcal disease [IPD], invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease [Hi], invasive Group A streptococcal disease [iGAS], invasive meningococcal disease [IMD] and invasive Group B streptococcal disease [GBS]) were extracted from the International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS) program and the Canadian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System.Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 population per year.Results: During the study period, the incidence rates of IPD ranged from 16.84-30.97,iGAS 2.70-17.06,Hi serotype b 0-2.78,Hi non-b type 2.73-8.53,and IMD 0-3.47 per 100,000 population.Except for IMD and GBS, the age-standardized incidence rates of other diseases in Northern Canada were 2.6-10 times higher than in the rest of Canada.Over the study period, rates decreased for IPD (p = 0.04), and iGAS (p = 0.01), and increased for Hi type a (Hia) [p = 0.004].Among IPD cases, the proportion of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes decreased (p = 0.0004) over the study period.Among Hi cases, 69.8% were Hia and 71.6% of these were in children under than 5 years.Of 13 IMD cases, 8 were serogroup B and 2 of them died.In Northern Canada, the incidence of IPD, iGAS and Hi was 2.6 to 10 times higher than the rest of Canada.Conclusion: Northern populations in Canada, especially infants and seniors among First Nations and Inuit, are at higher risk of IPD, Hi and iGAS than the rest of Canada.Hia is the predominant serotype in Northern Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".