In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract from Varthemia iphionoides Leaves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Mediterranean region, Varthemia iphionoides is commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The present study described the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of V. iphionoides leaves. The extract was assayed against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract was investigated against six standard bacterial species and was found to exhibit high antibacterial activity. The most sensitive bacterium was Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 followed by Proteus vulgaris ATCC 13315 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 95047. The least sensitive bacterium to V. iphionoides methanolic extract was Escherichia coli O157:H7 ATCC43895. Antifungal susceptibility of 13 fungal species was tested against V. iphionoides methanolic extract. Among the fungal species studied, Fusarium lini was the most sensitive and Beauveria bassiana was the most resistant to the extract. Good antifungal activity has been displayed by the methanolic extract of V. iphionoides against Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus alliaceus, Aspergillus flavus, Cunninghamella echinulata, Gibberella fujikuroi, Macrophomina phaseolina, Cephalosporum aphidicola, Rhizoupus stolonifer, Curvularia lunata and Cunninghamella elegans. The observed antimicrobial potential of V. iphionoides indicated that this plant possesses bioactive compounds that are able to combat pathogenic microorganisms and support its traditional use in the treatment of pathogen infection.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".