In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic Extract from Varthemia iphionoides Leaves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>In the Mediterranean region, <em>Varthemia iphionoides</em> is commonly used in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The present study described the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of <em>V.</em> <em>iphionoides</em> leaves. The extract was assayed against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and fungi using agar well diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract was investigated against six standard bacterial species and was found to exhibit high antibacterial activity. The most sensitive bacterium was <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae </em>ATCC 13883 followed by <em>Proteus vulgaris</em> ATCC 13315 and methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 95047. The least sensitive bacterium to <em>V.</em> <em>iphionoides</em> methanolic extract was <em>Escherichia coli</em> O157:H7 ATCC43895. Antifungal susceptibility of 13 fungal species was tested against <em>V.</em> <em>iphionoides</em> methanolic extract. Among the fungal species studied, <em>Fusarium lini</em> was the most sensitive and <em>Beauveria bassiana</em> was the most resistant to the extract. Good antifungal activity has been displayed by the methanolic extract of <em>V.</em> <em>iphionoides</em> against <em>Aspergillus brasiliensis</em>,<em> Aspergillus niger</em>, and <em>Aspergillus alliaceus</em>,<em> Aspergillus flavus</em>, <em>Cunninghamella echinulata</em>, <em>Gibberella fujikuroi</em>, <em>Macrophomina phaseolina</em>, <em>Cephalosporum aphidicola</em>, <em>Rhizoupus stolonifer</em>, <em>Curvularia lunata</em> and <em>Cunninghamella elegans</em>. The observed antimicrobial potential of <em>V.</em> <em>iphionoides</em> indicated that this plant possesses bioactive compounds that are able to combat pathogenic microorganisms and support its traditional use in the treatment of pathogen infection.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".