Surfactant Effects on Crystal Growth Dynamics and Crystal Morphology of Methane Hydrate Formed at Gas/Liquid Interface
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents visual observations aiming to clarify the underlying physics of surfactant effects on clathrate hydrate crystal growth at the interface between methane gas and water with surfactant. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), which is commonly used in industrial processes, was used in this study. Various SDS mass fractions from 0 to w SDS = 100 ppm with a step of size 10 ppm were examined, where w SDS represents the mass fraction of SDS aqueous solution. The crystal growth behavior and the crystal morphology of the methane hydrate at the interface varied depending on surfactant concentration and Δ T sub . In systems with w SDS ≤ 20 ppm, the nucleation occurred on the droplet surface (gas/liquid interface), then grew laterally, and finally covered the whole droplet surface. On the contrary, at w SDS ≥ 30 ppm, the droplet shape was not maintained and enhanced hydrate crystal growth was observed compared to those systems with w SDS ≤ 20 ppm. Individual hydrate crystals at w SDS = 20 ppm were observed to be smaller than those in a pure water system at a given Δ T sub, which is ascribed to the enhanced hydrate nucleation by the addition of SDS.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it