Recovery following defoliation involves shifts in allocation that favour storage and reproduction over radial growth in black oak
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Carbon allocation to growth, storage, reproduction and the effects of stress and disturbances on these processes remain poorly understood in trees. Non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) are an important component of the carbon storage pool and are commonly used to assess whether tree growth under various conditions is carbon limited. Carbon limitation is generally assumed to result in reducedNSClevels and allocation, but changes in allocation priorities that favourNSCstorage could also limit carbon available for growth. We defoliated six mature oak trees in June 2010 and explored how defoliation affects the relationship between radial growth and netNSCstorage, estimated by the seasonal increase inNSCconcentration, for several years. We interpret our results in the context of a conceptual model of allocation – developed here – to help understand how allocation changed following defoliation. We also monitored flower and acorn production in 2011, as changes in reproduction could also affect allocation to growth and storage. Defoliation reduced radial growth for 3 years. Stemwood starch levels and storage were also generally reduced, although not as consistently as growth. In contrast, root collarNSCstorage was significantly greater in defoliated trees, allowing below‐ground stores to recover to control levels by November 2011. Defoliation had mixed effects on reproduction in 2011: production of second‐year acorns (initiated before defoliation) was not significantly affected, but there was complete cessation of flower production. Defoliation also changed the relationship betweenNSCallocation and growth in the 2 years following defoliation, indicating a shift in allocation favouring storage. According to our conceptual model, the positive relationship between growth andNSCallocation indicates that the allocation shifts occurred under carbon‐limiting conditions. We, therefore, propose that growth can be carbon limited by two different means: (i) a decrease in plant carbon availability and (ii) allocation shifts that reduce the priority of growth relative to other processes such as storage. Prioritizing storage over both growth and reproduction may be a strategy to protect against further disturbance or stress following storage depletion. Synthesis. Recovery following defoliation can involve substantial shifts in how trees allocate carbon between different functions, with carbohydrate storage and already initiated reproduction cycles being favoured relative to growth and new reproductive cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".