Concentrations of Endotoxins in Waters Around the Island of Montreal, and Treatment Options
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Endotoxins are a component of most Gram negative bacteria, and some cyanobacteria. They may be toxic to humans when inhaled or injected, but the effects are unclear when they are ingested. In fact, low concentrations may protect children against certain allergies. Data for endotoxins in Quebec waters are unavailable, hence this study mapped levels in the waters around Montreal, using two commercial test methods. The recently developed factor C method had a greater linear range and was more convenient to use than the widely used Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) method. Although the methods gave endotoxin values of the same order, a consistent relationship between the two could not be established. Endotoxin concentrations in the untreated waters varied from 32 to 1,188 EU/mL, comparable in the literature from pristine waters to wastewaters. Values were generally lower in the summer. Filtration is known to be partially effective at removing endotoxins, but the effects of disinfection are not well established. Accordingly, chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet light were tested for the destruction of endotoxins in water, at doses found during drinking water disinfection. While chlorine and ultraviolet light had minimal effects on endotoxin levels, ozone could achieve up to 60% reductions at Ct values (concentration x contact time) as low as 2.5 mg•min/L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".