Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dioxins such as the potent 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are persistent environmental contaminants, exposure to which results in a number of toxic effects in several species. In mice, TCDD-induced hydronephrosis of the kidney is among the most sensitive of developmental abnormalities. It is widely accepted that the toxic effects of dioxins such as TCDD are mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor expressed in virtually all tissues. Though it is known that activation of the AHR during development is likely the first step in TCDD-induced hydronephrosis, genetic events occurring downstream of AHR activation remain to be elucidated. To this end, we investigated the effect of TCDD on gene expression during development of the mouse kidney through use of expression arrays. Our analysis indicates that TCDD alters the expression of genes involved in the developmentally-critical Wnt signaling pathway and genes involved in cell cycle and cell proliferation. Further investigation of the effect of TCDD on Wnt pathway gene expression using an mRNA expression time course and in situ hybridization to characterize localized mRNA changes suggests that TCDD inhibits canonical Wnt signaling in the developing kidney. Consistent with our expression array finding that TCDD downregulates genes involved in cell proliferation, we also report a decrease in cell proliferation that coincides with regions of the kidney where inhibitors of canonical Wnt signaling are induced in response to TCDD. TCDD-induced disruption of Wnt pathway gene expression is not limited to the kidney, and alteration of Wnt gene expression is tissue-specific with varying effects observed in the heart, lung, liver, skin, and brain. Preliminary evidence also indicates that exposure to TCDD during development can alter the expression of microRNAs predicted to target Wnt pathway genes, suggesting a new mechanism for TCDD-induced disruption of gene expression. Taken together, our findings suggest that TCDD may disrupt an important pathway that is critical to the normal development of several organs in numerous species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".