Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper concerns H. G. Underwood(1859-1916) and O. R. Avison(1860-1956) to prove the religious identity by analyzing their writings in terms of that they were very influential missionaries at the early Korean Church History. Underwood, one of the first two clerical Protestant missionaries sent to Korea, was born to a pious family that attended a Congregational Church in England. Immediately after he emigrated to America at the age of twelve, he became a member of the Dutch Reformed Church in America until he became a missionary at the age of twenty-five. However, he transferred his membership to the Presbyterian Church in order to work in Korea. His writings indicate that his belief of the gospel was that of an all-round gospel. He tried to put all the parts of life under the sovereignty of God, to unite them in Jesus, and to unite himself as well with the crucifixion of Jesus Christ by his ardent commitment to the task. Avison, the medical missionary who founded Severance Hospital in Seoul, immigrated from England to Canada at the age of six and acquired his progressive disposition and humane sensibility under the influence of his father. His faith, which grew strong in the Methodist Church made him dedicate his life to foreign mission, and in order to be sent to Korea he transferred to the Presbyterian Church. He advocated the union of Methodism and Presbyterianism, and the scientific, rational, modern, and optimistic faith. His endeavors, however, were merely to clear a runway with modernism and development of science to conserve the old faith. Avison differed in his partial acceptance of evolution from Underwood who refused it, but Avison shared some similarities with Underwood in his insistence that churches should enhance their social influence by developing all three aspects of human beings togethermind, body, and spirit. Both men showed individuals, churches, societies, states, and international relationships a directivity of Union and development according to their religious identities with the idea of an all-encompassing gospel and a total self.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".