Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the role of unimplemented international treaty norms in the Canadian domestic legal system. The discussion focuses on the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Suresh, which is first investigated in some detail. In a unanimous judgement, it was held that the untransformed International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment ought to inform the interpretation of the principles of fundamental justice in section 7 of the Charter and assist in deciding whether the exercise of power to deport under the Immigration Act was constitutional, given that the appellant could face torture if refoulé. The author refers to other recent decisions from the country’s highest court where unimplemented treaty obligations were used in the interpretation of Canada’s domestic law, namely, the Baker case in 1999 and the Hudson case in 2001. In conclusion, these developments are put in the broader contemporary strategy favouring contextual legislative interpretation, which includes resorting to international law, a trend that can be traced back to the adoption of the Charter in 1982.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".