Effect of heating process on the wettability of fine coals of various ranks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Spontaneous coal combustion can produce a condition of heating process because the atmosphere of coal underground is usually poor in oxygen. Even though the spontaneous combustion of coal is prevented by people, the surface properties of coal are greatly changed. The changes in the wettability of coal influence the flotation of fine coals. This paper investigates the effect of the heating process on the wettability of fine coals of various ranks. Lignite, bituminous, and anthracite coals were used as experimental samples. The heating temperature and time were 500 °C and 2 h. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle measurements were used to indicate the changes in wettability of fine coals before and after the heating process. The results showed that the wettability of bituminous coal was significantly increased whereas that of lignite was greatly decreased after the heating process. However, the wettability of anthracite coal was increased only a little after the heating process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".