Single‐centre experience of the macrophage activation marker soluble (s)CD163 – associations with disease activity and treatment response in patients with autoimmune hepatitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterised by liver inflammation with reversibility upon anti-inflammatory treatment. Soluble (s)CD163, a specific macrophage activation marker, is associated with inflammation in other liver diseases, but never investigated in AIH. AIM: To investigate sCD163 in patients with acute AIH and in complete and incomplete responders to standard anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy, and during follow-up in treatment naive patients. METHODS: In a cross-sectional design, we studied 121 AIH patients (female/male 89/32, median age 49 years); of these, we prospectively studied 10 treatment naïve AIH patients during prednisolone treatment and tapering. Twenty patients had variant syndromes of AIH and primary biliary cholangitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis. sCD163 was compared with markers of disease activity, severity and treatment response. RESULTS: In the patients with acute AIH (n = 21), sCD163 was sixfold increased compared with the normalised levels in patients (n = 32) with complete response to standard treatment [9.5 (3.3-28.8) vs. 1.6 (0.8-3.2) mg/L, P < 0.01)], while the patients (n = 27) with incomplete response had higher sCD163 [2.2 (1.3-7.9), P < 0.05] than the complete responders. sCD163 was positively associated with ALAT, IgG and bilirubin (rho: 0.45-0.59, P < 0.001, all), and negatively to external coagulation factors (rho:-0.34, P < 0.001). In the treatment naïve patients, sCD163 fell during high-dose prednisolone treatment and tapering. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed increased CD163 expression in liver biopsies from patients with acute AIH. CONCLUSIONS: sCD163 was markedly elevated in AIH in the acute phase, normalised by successful treatment in complete responders, but remained higher in the incompletely responding cases. Our results demonstrate macrophage activation in AIH paralleling disease activity, severity and treatment response, suggesting a role for macrophage activation in AIH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".