Enumeration of the Schools and Students of Public Health in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada has experienced a growing trend in university public health education since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003. However, the number of universities offering undergraduate and graduate public health degrees has not been accurately enumerated. Our study objectives were to quantify the university public health programs in Canada, examine the number of students graduating from these programs, and identify any trends and gaps. Websites of Canadian universities were reviewed to identify public health degree programs. We examined their academic units, degrees offered, year of establishment, references to public health core competencies, offerings of continuing education, and accreditation status. The faculties were contacted via survey, email, and/or phone to obtain the number of students issued a degree. We identified 36 faculties in 32 universities in Canada offering public health–related programs (four faculties offered programs accredited by a public health association). At present, 17 universities offer Master of Public Health degrees, representing over a threefold increase since 2003. We observed a twofold increase in the number of undergraduate and graduate public health students in the past 5 years. About two thirds of the universities stated a competencies-based learning curriculum, and less than half of the faculties offered continuing education opportunities for public health professionals. In little over a decade, public health education in Canada has changed from a subspecialty of medicine to distinct academic and research institutions. Further study is needed to determine the influences of the increase in public health academic programs and their graduates on Canada’s public health workforce.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".