Measuring Non-Volatile Particle Properties in the Exhaust of an Aircraft Engine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The steady growth of air traffic and its foreseen expansion during future years have raised concerns about its potential impact on climate and ground-level air quality. So far, the smoke number has been used to evaluate the non-volatile particulate matter amount emitted by aircraft engines, but it is a poor proxy for modern engine emissions. Therefore, new sampling and measurement techniques have recently been tested on aircraft engine emissions, especially as a new ICAO particle emission standard is currently being developed. Number and mass of emitted particles are generally used, but are not sufficient to fully characterize soot emissions and further address atmospheric impact issues. Chemical composition is crucial to evaluate their atmospheric reactivity. This paper presents a complete set of techniques that have been used to characterize soot emissions from an aircraft engine in a comprehensive manner. It reports results from a campaign on a PowerJet SaM146 engine, performed within the framework of the MERMOSE (Mesure et Etude de la Reactivite des emissions de MOteurS aEronautiques) project. It emphasizes the influence of the engine regime, ranging from 30% to 100% of the takeoff thrust, on the various particle properties investigated, including the size, number, morphology and chemical composition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".