Effects of Feeding Encapsulated Nitrate to Beef Cattle on Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Their Manure in a Short‐Term Manure Storage System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate effects of feeding encapsulated nitrate (EN) to beef cattle on ammonia (NH 3 ) and greenhouse gas emissions from their manure. Eight beef heifers were randomly assigned to diets containing 0 (control), 1, 2, or 3% EN (55% forage dry matter; EN replaced encapsulated urea in the control diet and therefore all diets were iso‐nitrogenous) in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Urine and feces collected from individual animals were reconstituted into manure and incubated over 156 h using a steady‐state flux chamber system to monitor NH 3 , methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. Urinary, fecal, and manure nitrate (NO 3 − )–N concentration linearly increased ( P < 0.001) with feeding EN, and urinary urea concentration tended to be lower ( P = 0.078) for EN versus Control. The hourly emissions of NH 3 , CO 2 , and N 2 O (mg head −1 h −1 ) were not affected, although NH 3 emission rates tended to be lower ( P = 0.070) for EN compared with Control at 0 to 12 h. Cumulative NH 3 , CO 2 , and N 2 O emissions over 156 h were not affected, but CH 4 emissions were less (4.5 vs. 7.4 g head −1 ; P = 0.027) for EN compared with Control. In conclusion, although NH 3 emissions were initially lower for EN manures, total NH 3 emitted over 156 h was not affected. Dietary EN lowered CH 4 emissions from manure, and, despite greater NO 3 − concentrations in EN manure, N 2 O emissions were not affected in this short‐term incubation. Core Ideas Feeding encapsulated nitrate to beef heifers increased nitrate excretion by cattle. Methane from manure decreased up to 45% by feeding encapsulated nitrate. Ammonia, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide emissions from manure were not altered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".