Does Training in the Cold Enhance Body Weight and Fat Loss in Obese Adolescents?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite published studies on the use of cold environment as a means for weight loss in adults, we are not aware of similar studies in obese adolescents. Training in the cold may be particularly effective for weight loss in children and adolescents, since cold-induced thermogenesis is more intense in children than in adults. PURPOSE: To determine whether training in a cold environment would enhance body weight and body fat loss in obese adolescents. METHODS: Twenty obese (>30% body fat), otherwise healthy, adolescent boys, ages 12 to 16 years participated in a 6-week (3 times per week) exercise training program. The boys were asked not to change their normal activity and eating patterns throughout the study. A nutritional assessment was done pre- and post-training to check compliance. Boys were randomly allocated to train in the cold C (5 °C, n=1 0) or a thermoneutral environment TN (24.5 °C, n=10). Each 70 min training unit (3 × 20 min exercise bouts with 5 min rests in between) was performed in a climatic chamber. The boys alternated between treadmill walking and cycling (both at 60 % predetermined VO2max) throughout the 6 weeks. Height (Ht), weight (Wt), body composition (by DEXA) and VO2max on a treadmill were measured before and after the 6-week training period. Two-way ANOVAs with between (C vs. TN environment) and within (pre- vs. post-training) factors were used (level of significance p < 0.05). RESULTS: Initial values (Mean±SE) for age 14.11 ± 0.36 yr vs. 14.08 ± 0.34 yr were similar but Ht 166.5 ± 2.6 cm vs. 168.2 ± 3.0 cm, Wt 89.27 ± 6.94 kg vs. 92.51 ± 7.51 kg and body fat (%Fat) 40.97±2.45 % vs. 43.03±1 .76 % were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in TN than in C, respectively. VO2max per kilogram was almost identical: 32.8±1.7 mL·kg−1min−1in C and 33.0±3.1 mL·kg−1. min−1 in TN. Over the 6-weeks training the boys gained weight (1.93 %BW, p=0.11 vs. 0.67 %BW, p=0.97), and reduced % body fat (−1.21 %, p=0.02 vs. −0.39 %, p=0.62) in C and in TN, respectively. However the differences between C and TN were insignificant (p > 0.05) for both weight gain and %fat loss. CONCLUSION: The 6-week exercise training in the cold induces significant %fat loss in obese boys, without losses in total body weight. Although the %fat loss was threefold greater in C (1.2%) than in TN (0.4%) this difference was statistically insignificant.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".