The role of metabolism in modulating CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in boreal lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Lake CO 2 emissions are increasingly recognized as an important component of the global CO 2 cycle, yet the origin of these emissions is not clear, as specific contributions from metabolism and in‐lake cycling, versus external inputs, are not well defined. To assess the coupling of lake metabolism with CO 2 concentrations and fluxes, we estimated steady state ratios of gross primary production to respiration (GPP:R) and rates of net ecosystem production (NEP = GPP‐R) from surface water O 2 dynamics (concentration and stable isotopes) in 187 boreal lakes spanning long environmental gradients. Our findings suggest that internal metabolism plays a dominant role in regulating CO 2 fluxes in most lakes, but this pattern only emerges when examined at a resolution that accounts for the vastly differing relationships between lake metabolism and CO 2 fluxes. Fluxes of CO 2 exceeded those from NEP in over half the lakes, but unexpectedly, these effects were most common and typically largest in a subset (~30% of total) of net autotrophic lakes that nevertheless emitted CO 2 . Equally surprising, we found no environmental characteristics that distinguished this category from the more common net heterotrophic, CO 2 outgassing lakes. Excess CO 2 fluxes relative to NEP were best predicted by catchment structure and hydrologic properties, and we infer from a combination of methods that both catchment inputs and internal anaerobic processes may have contributed this excess CO 2 . Together, our findings show that the link between lake metabolism and CO 2 fluxes is often strong but can vary widely across the boreal biome, having important implications for catchment‐wide C budgets.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".