Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Inuit populations are less likely to breastfeed than other Canadians and are disproportionately affected by many conditions which breastfeeding is protective against. No population-based research has explored the determinants of breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding to six months, as recommended by Health Canada, in this population. Objective: The aim of this research is to examine the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding to six months among Canadian Inuit and to identify factors that are associated with both breastfeeding practices. Methods: Data for this research come primarily from two cross-sectional population-based surveys: the Nunavut Inuit Child Health Survey and the IPY Inuit Health Survey. Possible determinants of breastfeeding practices include household, maternal, infant and community characteristics as well as engagement in traditional lifestyle. Logistic regression procedures (i.e. multiple logistic regression; multinomial logistic regression; hierarchal logistic regression) were used to model the determinants of breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding as recommended. Results: The prevalence of breastfeeding initiation was 67% (95% CI: 62.8-72.4) in the entire sample and 76% (95% CI: 70.6-82.1) in children raised by their biological mother. Twenty-three percent of Inuit Canadians practiced exclusive breastfeeding as recommended (95% CI: 16.2-29.3). Among children being raised by their biological mother, infants of low birth weight and whose mothers smoked during pregnancy were less likely to begin breastfeeding (OR: 0.16, 95%CI: 0.10-0.27; OR: 0.34, 95%CI: 0.19-0.61, respectively), while infants in crowded households were more likely to begin breastfeeding (OR=2.01, 95%CI: 1.39-2.94). Families currently receiving income support were less likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding their infant before 5.5 months (OR≤1month=0.39, 95%CI: 0.14-1.05; OR1-<5.5 months=0.34, 95%CI: 0.13-0.85). There was no relationship between classes of traditional lifestyle and either breastfeeding initiation or exclusive breastfeeding as recommended. Conclusions: These data suggest substantial room for improving breastfeeding practices of Inuit Canadians, which may provide downstream health benefits to Inuit children. Increasing exclusive breastfeeding to six months will require targeted interventions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".