Comparison of Combined Tofogliflozin and Glargine, Tofogliflozin Added to Insulin, and Insulin Dose-Increase Therapy in Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Some patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on insulin have poor glycemic control and require add-on therapy to reach target glucose values. Increased insulin doses or the addition of an oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) may improve glycemic control, but many patients fail to achieve target values. The aim of this study was to compare the treatment efficacy and safety of three different therapies in such patients. Methods: T2DM outpatients with poor glycemic control (HbA1c >= 7.0%) despite insulin therapy (including patients on OADs other than a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor) were included. The patients had a body mass index (BMI) of >= 22 kg/m 2 and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of >= 45 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , did not have depletion of endogenous insulin, and had stable glucose levels for 3 months before study entry on insulin therapy. Treatment was continued for 24 weeks with insulin dose-increase therapy, tofogliflozin add-on therapy, or a combination of insulin glargine + tofogliflozin. The primary endpoints were HbA1c, weight, and total insulin dose. Secondary endpoints included fasting plasma glucose (FPG), blood pressure, lipid profiles, and incidence of adverse events. Results: At baseline, the participants’ median age was 59.0 years, mean BMI was 28.7 kg/m 2 , mean eGFR was 89.2 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , mean HbA1c was 8.7%, and mean FPG was 174.1 mg/dL. The mean duration of insulin therapy was approximately 7 years. The mean daily insulin dose was approximately 40 U in the three groups. Overall, 85% received other background OADs in addition to insulin. Over the 24-week period, HbA1c in the insulin group decreased slightly initially and then plateaued; daily total insulin dose and weight increased, and blood pressure increased slightly. In the insulin + tofogliflozin group and the glargine + tofogliflozin group, HbA1c decreased greatly initially, and this continued over the 24-week period, with HbA1c decreases of -1.0% and -0.8%, respectively; total daily insulin dose (-2.6 and -12.7 U, respectively) and weight (-2.9 and -3.4 kg, respectively) decreased, and blood pressure decreased slightly. Tofogliflozin therapy was well tolerated. Conclusions: Tofogliflozin may offer a new option for patients whose T2DM remains inadequately controlled on insulin therapy with or without additional oral glucose-lowering agents. J Clin Med Res. 2016;8(11):805-814 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14740/jocmr2741w
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".