Management implications of Cladophora resurgence in the Great Lakes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cladophora growth is limited by phosphorus (P). P limits in WWTP effluents in the 1970s apparently helped curb previously excessive algal growth, but nuisance conditions have returned since the invasion of dreissenids in the 1990s. The literature speaks of the 'resurgence' of Cladophora, but there is no widely accepted definition of this phenomenon. Nuisance growth, defined here as the amount of biomass available for deposition on beaches, depends on both the growth rate and the colonizable area. Both are ecosystem engineering outcomes of dreissenids, but only P is manageable. Management depends on the dominating factor. Here, we look at biomass densities, tissue P (directly related to the growth rate by Droop), and areal extent as shown by satellite imagery over three time periods: 1) pretreatment, pre-dreissenids (early 1970s); 2) post-treatment, pre-dreissenids (1980s); and 3) post-treatment, post-dreissenids (2000s). Lake Ontario shows no change in biomass density, decreasing tissue P, and increasing colonizable area since the dreissenid invasion. Resurgence is more a function of colonization than nutrient enrichment in this lake, but it is urban influences that allow increases in colonizable substrate to cause the resurgence; the alga does not benefit from increasing available area in P poor regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".