Life‐Space Mobility and Mortality in Older Women: Prospective Results from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the relationship between life‐space mobility (extent, frequency, independence of movement) and mortality in older women. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Four U.S. clinical sites. Participants Women (N = 1,498) aged 75 to 102 (mean 87.6) followed from 2006 to 2015. Measurements Life‐space during the past 4 weeks was assessed in an interview, scored from 0 (daily restriction to bedroom) to 120 (daily trips outside town without assistance), and categorized (0–20, 21–40, 41–60, 61–80, 81–120). All‐cause mortality was the primary outcome; noncancer, cardiovascular, cancer, and noncardiovascular noncancer mortality were secondary outcomes. Results Over a mean 5.2 years, 842 (56.2%) women died. Unadjusted risk of all‐cause mortality was 82.6% in women with the lowest level of life‐space (0–20 points) and 36.2% in those with the highest level (81–120 points). In multivariable proportional hazards models, there was a strong relationship between less life‐space and greater risk of all‐cause mortality ( P trend < .001). Women with the lowest level of life‐space (0–20 points) had a risk of all‐cause mortality that was 2.4 times as high (95% confidence interval ( CI ) = 1.5–4.0) as that of women with the highest level (81–120 points); women with life‐space scores between 21 and 60 had a risk of all‐cause mortality that was 1.5 times as high as that of women with the highest level. Each standard deviation decrease in life‐space was associated with a 1.2 times greater (95% CI = 1.1–1.4) risk of all‐cause mortality. Women unable to travel beyond their neighborhood without assistance had a risk of all‐cause mortality that was 1.4 times (95% CI = 1.1–1.7) as high as that of women who could travel beyond their neighborhood without assistance. Results were similar for noncancer, cardiovascular, and other mortality and did not change after controlling for underlying disease or living arrangement. Conclusion Life‐space scores of 60 or less were associated with mortality in older women independent of other strong risk factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".