Polyvinyl Chloride Composite Membranes Made with Nafion and Polysiloxanes for Use in Electrochemical Breath Alcohol Sensors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites were synthesized and tested for their performance in an electrochemical ethanol sensor device. A PVC-Nafion composite was synthesized by imbuing a porous freestanding PVC membrane with a Nafion solution and allowing the Nafion to cast within the PVC. A PVC-sulfonated silica composited was also synthesized by first allowing a sol-gel reaction to take place between tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-(trihydroxysilyl)-1-propanesulfonic acid (TPS). A PVC membrane was then imbued with this solution and the sol-gel reaction was allowed to finish within the PVC membrane. The membranes were characterized with FTIR and TGA to confirm the presence of the additives to the PVC membrane. The PVC-Nafion composite was found to show extremely poor performance in a sensor role, due to the Nafion blocking the pores to allow for adequate ionic transport within the PVC film. The PVC-sulfonated silica showed comparable performance to the freestanding PVC, but using 75% less water to achieve the similar results. This has the advantage of being less prone to leaching and flooding, which has significant advantages in a sensor application role.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".