Bibliographic record
Abstract
Elderly immigrant women suffer from a lack of social visibility, as testified by the rare studies devoted to this segment of the population. Though their situations vary, depending on their country of origin and their immigration path, they share a number of specific common traits. Often leaving their home country to join family members already in France, the majority of these women have limited access to the labour market due to their lack of job experience and their low level of education and qualification. The resulting material difficulties experienced at the time of retirement are aggravated for divorced, widowed or unmarried women who make up more than one quarter of the 45-70 age group. These difficulties are analysed in this article on the basis of a national survey conducted in 2003 across mainland France on a sample of 6 211 foreign women born abroad and aged between 45 and 70. The results of this survey highlight the vulnerability of a large proportion of the female immigrant population. Yet despite the obstacles blocking their access to the labour market, and despite frequent language difficulties, the women interviewed generally have a reserved though globally positive opinion of their life as an immigrant and of their social success. Indeed, they tend to be somewhat better integrated into French society than their male counterparts. Two hypotheses are suggested to explain this apparent paradox. Firstly, compared with fellow female citizens in their home country, many women have enjoyed an improvement in their status and a certain form of emancipation. Secondly, women’s investment in the social success of their children may, in their eyes, make up for their lack of professional fulfilment. The female immigrant population is nevertheless facing difficulties that are liable to increase as it grows older. Public policies must take this problem into account.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".