Water Sorption and Distribution Characteristics in Clay and Shale: Effect of Surface Force
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Characteristics of sorption and distribution of water in nanoporous shale are topics of great interest to evaluate unconventional reservoirs. Also, a study of surface force of water/solid interaction at nanoscale is significant for understanding the storage of initial water and the fate of residual treatment liquid in shale systems. In this work, the thickness and stability of water film were investigated by vapor sorption experiments on clay and shale samples. Meanwhile, an approach based on surface forces (disjoining pressure), which resulted in the instability of adsorbed film transition into condensed bulk liquid, was developed to describe molecule/pore wall interactions. Our experimental results directly demonstrated the occurrence of capillary condensation in hydrophilic clay minerals; however, water would not entirely fill in shale nanopores even under high-moisture conditions. This remarkable finding is mainly due to the inaccessibility of water molecules to micropores of hydrophobic organic matter. In addition, the water distribution characteristics are also significantly influenced by pore scale. Under a moist condition with certain relative humidity (e.g., RH = 0.98), the water distributed in hydrophilic inorganic pores with different sizes was mainly classified as (i) capillary water in small pores (e.g., <6–7 nm) and (ii) water film in large pores (e.g., >6–7 nm). In contrast, the surface repulsion prevents water condensing and likely results in a monolayer water film sorption in hydrophobic organic pores (e.g., θ = 100°). Therefore, in an actual shale system with initial moisture content, the inorganic microporosity totally blocked by water might be incapable of gas transport or storage, while the hydrophobic organic pores mainly provide effective space for gas accumulation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it