Changes in the benthic community of the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario, over a 40 year period
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The benthic community structure in the Bay of Quinte, eastern Lake Ontario, was examined over a 40 year period (1967–2006). Changes in species composition were examined using clustering and ordination analysis at a shallow upper bay site (6 m) and in the deeper lower bay site (32 m). Tubificidae and Chironomidae, which dominated the upper bay, responded to phosphorus reductions between 1978 and 1991 with increased diversity, and a return of pollution sensitive species. This response accelerated in 1993, after the arrival of Dreissena. Epibenthic Amphipoda, Gastropoda and Sphaeriidae increased in the upper bay between 1986–1999, but decreased following the arrival of the Round Goby (Apollonia melanostomus). The lower bay underwent a major change after 1994, when Quagga Mussel replaced the amphipod Diporeia as the dominant organism. Since 1990, non-dreissenid biomass decreased in the lower bay but has not significantly changed in the upper bay. Ordination showed that the community in the upper bay changed over time, and remained different from the lower bay community. In the lower bay and Lake Ontario, the benthic community greatly changed to one very different from the historical community of the Great Lakes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".