Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discusses design and developments in the refrigeration and compressor fields to deal with Montreal Protocol’s announcement of expiration of R-22 as refrigerant. The Montreal Protocol dictates that by 2010 no new refrigerators or air conditioners will use R-22, a hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC), as a refrigerant. The replacement, known as R-410A, is an HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) rather than an HCFC. Jim Crawford, director of regulatory affairs at The Trane Co., a heating and air conditioning company in Tyler, Texas, said that industry is adopting R-410A primarily in air conditioning. Companies like Trane have used the time allotted by the Montreal Protocol to design, test, and build R-410A equipment for 2010. Compressors have had to be optimized both for the refrigerant and the application. Since the heat characteristics are different between the two refrigerants, heat exchangers must be made larger or smaller. Many new air conditioners, like Trane’s XL16i, already use R-41OA, which contains no chlorine.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.010 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".