Who Drives the Car? Hypothesizing the Impact of Trends in Post- Secondary Education on the Labour Market, Home Production and Gender Roles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Traditionally discourse around women and labour market has been concerned with women’s opportunities (or lack thereof) in the workplace vis a vis their male counterparts. While this is still a concern, current trends demonstrate that women are increasingly accessing postsecondary education (PSE), obtaining managerial positions, and otherwise performing better than men in many ways. Simultaneously, men are becoming less likely to access PSE and in some cases are struggling to find work in a post-industrial society that favours human capital, desk jobs, and soft skills like communication and interpersonal intelligence. Jobs involving physical labour are in decline in Canada (e.g., manufacturing sector) and some are asking whether or not women may be better suited to this new reality. This paper will examine trends in women and men’s education and labour market participation to understand the potential implications of these trends for gender roles. It will also provide an overview of the literature surrounding women in PSE and the labour force in order to contextualize the discussion and to demonstrate the complexity of women’s labour market choices. Following this, it will describe three hypothetical scenarios that could arise out of current trends and that are consistent with the literature. The first scenario is the status quo, which would involve a stable equilibrium in which changes in women’s PSE attendance would not have significant impacts on gender roles or the labour market. The second scenario is a successful adjustment of gender roles, where women would increasingly be the main breadwinners and men would increasingly be involved in household production. The final scenario involves an unsuccessful adjustment of gender roles where women would continue to struggle to achieve in the labour market and men would resist taking on work traditionally belonging to women, such as clerical work or home production. The scenarios speculate that current trends could lead to significant social problems. While the three scenarios are meant to be somewhat stark and overstated, they suggest that gender roles be an important policy consideration amidst changes in in PSE attendance and labour market participation. Understanding current trends and understanding how they impact men and women differently is an opportunity that could ultimately allow for more equality, and that may enable men and women to achieve their full potential – both in the home and in the labour market.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".