Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although initial observations of lightning strikes to the CN Tower commenced in 1978, the comprehensive phase of CN Tower lightning investigations emerged in 1989. By the summer of 1990, measurement stations started to operate to simultaneously record all important parameters of CN Tower lightning flashes, including flash-optical characteristics, return-stroke currents and the associated lightning electromagnetic pulses. This paper investigates a remarkably severe CN Tower lightning storm that contained 52 flashes and lasted for 84 minutes. Flash trajectory images showed that each of the 52 flashes contained an initial continuous current (ICC), proving that all flashes were upward initiated. Current records indicated that 32 flashes (61.5% of all flashes) contained return strokes. Only one of these 32 flashes shows a one-stroke positive flash. The remaining 31 flashes are found to be negative with 1-14 strokes/flash. Statistical analysis clearly indicates that flashes with ICCs and return strokes have higher flash durations in comparison with those for flashes that only contain ICCs. It is also shown that ICCs in flashes containing return strokes have statistically much lower durations in comparison with those in flashes containing only ICCs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".