Influence of Line-Pipe Steel Metallurgy on Ductile Tearing of Stress-Corrosion Cracks During Simulated Hydrostatic Testing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrostatic testing is one method to confirm the integrity of pipelines containing colonies of stress-corrosion cracks. Although this technique is widely used, a concern of the pipeline industry is the potential for ductile tearing damage of subcritical flaws in pipes with cracks in the base metal and in the welds. The objectives of the current study were to determine the amount of ductile tearing and crack tip blunting that may occur at the crack tips of flaws that survive a hydrotest and to evaluate the influence of metallurgy on the extent of ductile tearing. In this research, stress-corrosion cracks (SCC) were grown in a near-neutral-pH environment in compact tension (CT) specimens made from two heats of X-65 line-pipe steel and one heat of X-52 line-pipe steel with an electric resistance weld (ERW). Simulated hydrostatic tests were performed on these specimens at loads that corresponded to hoop stresses at and above the specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) of the pipe steel, resulting in applied J-integral values near and above J(Q). Some specimens ruptured; some did not fail. Crack tip blunting and the extent of tearing were evaluated. Based on curve fits of the data collected from the CT specimens, the CorLAS™ software was utilized to predict the maximum amount of tearing for cracks of varying flaw dimensions and hydrostatic pressures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".