Bi-Luminal Mitral Valve: Incidence, Clinical Features, Associated Anomaly and Echocardiographic Evaluation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to know the incidence, clinical features, associated anomaly and echocardiographic evaluation of bi-luminal mitral valve (also known as double orifice mitral valve or DOMV) in patients with suspected mitral valve disease, continous murmur or left-to-right shunt. METHODS: Twenty-eight patients with DOMV were diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a retrospective review of 52,256 echocardiographic studies in 45,898 patients performed between 2000 and 2015. RESULTS: The mean age was 20.1 years (15 - 34 years) with female preponderance (M/F: 1:1.8). Dyspnea and diastolic murmur were the most common symptoms found in 19 (67.8%) and 19 (67.8%) of patients, respectively. Normal sinus rhythm was the most common electrocardiographic finding. Twenty-five (89%) patients had complete bridge, while three (11%) had incomplete bridge type of DOMV. Twenty-one (75%) had severe mitral stenosis (MS) including severe tricuspid regurgitation (n = 13, 61%), ventricular septal defect (VSD, n = 3, 14%), complete endocardial cushion defect (ECD, n = 3, 14%), and mild to moderate mitral regurgitation (MR) (n = 2, 11%), moderate MS and moderate MR were found in four (16%) patients among complete bridge type of DOMV, while all patients with incomplete bridge type had severe MS and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) as associated lesions. Overall, 24 (85%) had severe and four (15%) had moderate MS. CONCLUSIONS: DOMV as a cause of symptomatic mitral valve disease was seen in young and middle-aged patients with estimated incidence of 0.06%. Dyspnea and diastolic murmur were the most common symptoms. Mostly, it was an isolated anomaly but in majority, associated with VSD, complete ECD and PDA. TTE examination is a reliable and sufficient means of diagnosing DOMV and determining its type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".