Electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve in anesthetized rats: A novel therapeutic approach to treating overactive bladder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS) is a minimally invasive yet effective therapy for treating overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms with electrical stimulations applied at 20 Hz coupled with amplitudes approximating the foot-twitch threshold (T). However, pre-clinical studies indicate that PTNS-evoked bladder reflexes require stimulation amplitudes exceeding 2T. The objective of this work was to evaluate the presence of secondary low-threshold sensory pathways in the hind-limb region that can be a potential target of activation during clinical PTNS set-up. Given the close proximity of the electrode tip and the cutaneous branches in the lower leg, we hypothesized the concomitant activation of saphenous nerve (SAFN) afferents during percutaneous PTNS. To this end, urodynamic model was established in ten anesthetized rats to investigate (1) the isolated role of SAFN trunk in modulating bladder activity and (2) characterize frequency-dependent changes in inhibitory response at low stimulation amplitudes. Our pre-clinical findings suggest that direct stimulation of SAFN can elicit robust and consistent inhibitory effects at 20 Hz. This novel inhibitory reflex may rationalize the therapeutic effects of clinical PTNS therapy and support the feasibility of enhancing the current algorithm of incontinence care.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".