The depositional and diagenetic history of the Permian Quartermaster Group of western Kansas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Permo-Triassic red beds and evaporites can be found in a variety of locations around the world. Largely deposited once the supercontinent Pangea formed, many of these units have historically been interpreted as marine to marginal marine deposits due to their association with evaporites. Evaporites, however, can also form in continental settings. Recent studies of red beds and evaporites within the Leonardian-Guadalupian Nippewalla Group of Kansas suggest some red beds and evaporites were deposited in acid saline lakes and associated environments. The middle to late Permian Quartermaster Group, which overlies the Nippewalla Group, has not been as extensively studied. The main goal of this thesis was to determine the depositional and diagenetic history of the Quartermaster Group of Kansas.;This research focused on the Whitehorse Sandstone, Day Creek Dolomite, and Big Basin Formation of the Quartermaster Group as observed in the Amoco Rebecca K. Bounds core no. 1 from Greeley County, west-central Kansas. Petrography and mineralogical identification were used to characterize the depositional and diagenetic features of these rocks. Field observations from south-central Kansas (Clark and Barber Counties) provided supplementary data.;Sedimentary features observed in the Quartermaster Group suggest the Whitehorse Sandstone, Day Creek Dolomite, and Big Basin Formation were deposited in continental settings. The Whitehorse Sandstone consists of red sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone with observable ped structures, root features, ripple cross-stratification, mud drapes, mudcracks, and soil slickensides. These features suggest deposition in mudflats and fluctuating water tables in adjacent soils. The Day Creek Dolomite consists of bedded gypsum/anhydrite and finely laminated red siltstones. Ripple cross-stratification, mudcracks, and planar laminae observed in bedded gypsum/anhydrite indicate deposition in ephemeral saline lake environments while ripple cross-stratification, mud drapes, soil slickensides, and root features in red siltstones indicate mudflats and soils. The Big Basin Formation consists of dark red sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone characterized by soft sediment deformation, ripple cross-stratification, mudcracks, and soil slickensides. These features suggest deposition in mudflats and the development of paleosols. In general, early and late diagenetic features observed within the Quartermaster Group suggest substantial influence from wetting and drying processes at or near the surface.;Evidence for acidity in the Quartermaster Group is based on suspect to problematic criteria. Acid saline lake deposition is postulated from indirect criteria such as unusual yellow hues observed in halite and other evaporites within bedded gypsum/anhydrite layers of the Day Creek Dolomite. Additionally, the absence of carbonates, abundance of red beds, and similarities to the underlying
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".