Continuous bioproduction of 1,3‐propanediol from biodiesel raw glycerol: Operation with free and immobilized cells of <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> DSM 10702
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work investigates the bioproduction of 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PD) from biodiesel derived raw glycerol with free and immobilized cells of Clostridium butyricum DSMZ 10702. The cultures were carried out under continuous conditions in a stirred tank bioreactor with suspended cells and a fluidized‐bed bioreactor with immobilized cells. The microorganisms were immobilized by entrapment in calcium alginate gel beads. The effect of dilution rate and glycerol concentration in the feed on 1,3‐PD production was investigated for both bioreactor configurations. Results showed that 1,3‐PD concentration and glycerol uptake decreased when dilution rate increased. Maximum product concentration was similar in both bioreactors, 24.3 g/L and 20.5 g/L for suspended cells and Ca‐alginate immobilized cells, respectively, for a glycerol feed concentration of 50 g/L and a dilution rate of 0.05 h−1. The higher productivities were observed for a dilution rate of 0.15 h−1 for the suspended culture bioreactor and 0.2 h−1 for the immobilized cell bioreactor. Although maximum productivity was similar in both systems, 2.8 g 1,3‐PD/(L · h), cell immobilization was shown to be more resistant to washout at higher dilution rates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".