Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lake sturgeon are large, freshwater fish and the only species of sturgeon native to the Great Lakes. Their historic range extends from the Hudson Bay, down through the Great Lakes and into the Mississippi River basin. In the early 1900's, sturgeon became a valuable fishery and were soon overfished for both meat and caviar. This, in combination with damming, pollution, and habitat degradation, caused a drastic decline in their population. Some populations were extirpated, while others have been reduced to 1% of their historic population size (Auer, 1996). The St. Clair-Detroit River System (SCDRS) hosts one of the largest lake sturgeon populations in the Great Lakes, despite habitat degradation. This system has no dams and provides an excellent study site to understand both population structure and the movements of an unimpeded population. The lake sturgeon in the SCDRS appear to have fine-scale genetic structure. Lake sturgeon were grouped according to sampling location (upper St. Clair, lower St. Clair, and Detroit Rivers). Bayesian analysis, implemented by the program STRUCTURE, revealed that there are two clusters (K =2) within the SCDRS. The FST values calculated for the sampling locations showed that the upper St. Clair River is genetically differentiated from the lower St. Clair River (F ST = 0.0135, p=0.02). Additionally, results from the discriminant analysis of principal components showed moderate clustering of the sampling locations. Lake sturgeon in the SCDRS exhibit partial migration with some individuals migrating from lakes to rivers and others inhabiting the rivers year-round. An integrative approach employing morphometrics, genetic and epigenetic techniques was used to characterize the migratory phenotypes. Based on telemetry data, fish were grouped according to migratory phenotype and then analyzed for differences in morphometrics, genetics, and epigenetics. The principal components analysis, performed on 18 morphological features, did not support the hypothesis that there are morphological differences between lake sturgeon (n=63; 38 residents, 27 migrants). To identify a genetic component to the variation in migratory phenotypes, a subset of those samples (n=41; 19 residents, 22 migrants) were analyzed at 11 microsatellite loci. Bayesian analysis revealed that there is one population, indicating gene flow between the migratory phenotypes. The FST value calculated to determine genetic differentiation between migratory phenotypes was 0.0148 (p=0.11), which is interpreted as no genetic differentiation between the two groups. DNA extractions from blood samples were analyzed using the methylation sensitive amplified fragment length polymorphism (MS-AFLP) protocol to test for epigenetic differences. The
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".